Research Areas

Artificial Intelligence

Name

Position

Email

Institute

Room

Phone

Adam Lopez

Reader

alopez@inf.ed.ac.uk

ILCC

IF-4.19

Ajitha Rajan

Personal Chair of Software Testing and Verification

arajan@exseed.ed.ac.uk

LFCS

IF-4.14

Alan Bundy

Professor

A.Bundy@ed.ac.uk

AIAI

IF-2.16

Alex Lascarides

Personal Chair in Semantics

A.Lascarides@ed.ac.uk

ILCC

IF-3.15A

504428

Alexandra Birch-Mayne

Reader in Natural Language Processing

a.birch@ed.ac.uk

ILCC

IF-4.24

504453

Amos Storkey

Personal Chair of Machine Learning & Artificial Intelligence

A.Storkey@ed.ac.uk

IANC

IF-2.28

511208

Andreas Pieris

Reader

apieris@exseed.ed.ac.uk

LFCS

IF-5.20A

515606

Antonio Vergari

Reader

avergari@ed.ac.uk

IANC

IF-3.18A

Arno Onken

Lecturer in Data Science for Life Sciences

aonken@inf.ed.ac.uk

IANC

IF-2.27A

513254

Ava Khamseh

Lecturer in Biomedical Artificial Intelligence

ava.khamseh@ed.ac.uk

IANC

IF-1.44

Bjorn Ross

Lecturer in Computational Social Science

b.ross@ed.ac.uk

ILCC

IF-2.26

503128

Bonan Zhao

Lecturer in Computational Cognitive Science

bzhao2@exseed.ed.ac.uk

ILCC

Christopher Lucas

Reader in Computational Cognitive Science

C.Lucas@ed.ac.uk

ILCC

IF-3.31

513260

Christopher Williams

Emeritus Professor

C.K.I.Williams@ed.ac.uk

IANC

IF-2.22

Craig Innes

Chancellor's Fellow

Craig.Innes@ed.ac.uk

IPAB

IF-1.23

David Aspinall

Personal Chair in Software Safety and Security

David.Aspinall@ed.ac.uk

LFCS

IF-5.12A

505177

Edoardo Ponti

Lecturer in Natural Language Processing

eponti@ed.ac.uk

ILCC

IF-3.10

Fengxiang He

Lecturer in AI Driven Business Informatics and Financial Com

F.He@ed.ac.uk

AIAI

IF-2.17

Frank Keller

Personal Chair in Computational Cognitive Science

Frank.Keller@ed.ac.uk

ILCC

IF-3.27A

504407

Hakan Bilen

Reader

H.Bilen@ed.ac.uk

IPAB

IF-1.41A

He Sun

Reader

H.Sun@ed.ac.uk

LFCS

IF-5.03

515622

Helen Hastie

Head of School

h.hastie@ed.ac.uk

INF

IF-5.43

502690

Henry Gouk

Lecturer in Machine Learning

henry.gouk@ed.ac.uk

IANC

IF-3.27

Henry Thompson

Personal Chair in Web Informatics

H.Thompson@ed.ac.uk

ILCC

IF-4.22

504440

Ian Simpson

Personal Chair of Biomedical Informatics

Ian.Simpson@ed.ac.uk

IANC

IF-2.48

Jacques Fleuriot

Personal Chair of Artificial Intelligence

Jacques.Fleuriot@ed.ac.uk

AIAI

IF-2.15

509342

Jeff Dalton

Chancellor's Fellow

jdalton2@exseed.ed.ac.uk

ILCC

IF-3.12

John Lee

Personal Chair of Digital Media

J.Lee@ed.ac.uk

ILCC

IF-4.28

Kartic Subr

Senior Lecturer in Computer Graphics

K.Subr@ed.ac.uk

IPAB

IF-1.10A

Kobi Gal

Reader in Artificial Intelligence and Human-Machine

kgal@exseed.ed.ac.uk

AIAI

IF-1.02

515657

Laura Sevilla-Lara

Reader

l.sevilla@ed.ac.uk

IPAB

IF-1.44A

Leonid Libkin

Chair of Foundations of Data Management

libkin@ed.ac.uk

LFCS

IF-5.31

Mark Steedman

Professor

m.steedman@ed.ac.uk

ILCC

IF-5.15

Michael Gutmann

Senior Lecturer in Machine Learning

Michael.Gutmann@ed.ac.uk

IANC

IF-2.50A

Michael Herrmann

Lectureship in Robotics

Michael.Herrmann@ed.ac.uk

IPAB

IF-1.42

517177

Michael Mistry

Personal Chair of Robotics

Michael.Mistry@ed.ac.uk

IPAB

BC-1.20

502937

Michael Rovatsos

Personal Chair of Artificial Intelligence

Michael.Rovatsos@ed.ac.uk

AIAI

IF-2.14

Mirella Lapata

Personal Chair in Natural Language Processing

Maria.Lapata@ed.ac.uk

ILCC

IF-4.17

Mohan Sridharan

Chair in Robot Systems

m.sridharan@ed.ac.uk

IPAB

IF-1.22

Nadin Kokciyan

Lecturer in Artificial Intelligence

nadin.kokciyan@ed.ac.uk

AIAI

IF-2.10

Nikolay Malkin

Chancellor's Fellow (AI and Datascience)

nmalkin@ed.ac.uk

IANC

IF-1.31

Oisin Mac Aodha

Lecturer in Machine Learning

oisin.macaodha@ed.ac.uk

IANC

IF-2.24A

Paul Jackson

Director of Institute and Senior Lecturer

Paul.Jackson@ed.ac.uk

AIAI

IF-2.12

Paul Patras

Personal Chair of Mobile Intelligence

Paul.Patras@ed.ac.uk

ICSA

IF-1.22A

Pavlos Andreadis

Lecturer

Pavlos.Andreadis@ed.ac.uk

UTAT

AT-8.05

Peter Bell

Personal Chair of Speech Technology

peter.bell@ed.ac.uk

ILCC

IF-3.24A

513284

Ram Ramamoorthy

Personal Chair of Robot Learning and Autonomy

s.ramamoorthy@ed.ac.uk

IPAB

IF-1.41

505119

Richard Mayr

Reader

mayr36.teaching-admin@ed.ac.uk

LFCS

IF-4.11A

505130

Rik Sarkar

Reader

Rik.Sarkar@ed.ac.uk

LFCS

IF-3.45

Sethu Vijayakumar

Personal Chair in Robotics

sethu.vijayakumar@ed.ac.uk

IANC

IF-1.28

513444

Shay Cohen

Reader

scohen@inf.ed.ac.uk

ILCC

IF-4.26

506542

Siddharth N

Reader in Explainable Artificial Intelligence

N.Siddharth@ed.ac.uk

AIAI

IF-2.11

Stefano Albrecht

Reader

s.albrecht@ed.ac.uk

IPAB

IF-2.06

Tara Capel

Lecturer in Design Informatics

tcapel@exseed.ed.ac.uk

ILCC

IF-4.25

Tiejun Ma

Personal Chair of Financial Computing (Risk Modelling)

tiejun.ma@ed.ac.uk

AIAI

IF-2.02

Tim Colles

Head of Computing

Tim.Colles@ed.ac.uk

RATU

AT-7.09B

503093

Timothy Hospedales

Personal Chair of Artificial Intelligence

t.hospedales@ed.ac.uk

IPAB

BC-1.11

Tj Elmas

Lecturer in Computational Social Science

TJ.Elmas@ed.ac.uk

ILCC

IF-4.21

Vaishak Belle

Reader in Logic and Learning

vbelle@ed.ac.uk

AIAI

IF-2.02A

505150

Valerio Restocchi

Lecturer in Business Application of Informatics

V.Restocchi@ed.ac.uk

AIAI

IF-2.18A

Wenda Li

Lecturer in Hybrid AI

wenda.li@ed.ac.uk

AIAI

IF-2.12A

Zee Talat

Chancellor's Fellow in Responsible Machine Learning and Arti

ztalat@ed.ac.uk

ILCC



Machine Learning

Name

Position

Email

Institute

Room

Phone

Alex Lascarides

Personal Chair in Semantics

A.Lascarides@ed.ac.uk

ILCC

IF-3.15A

504428

Alexandra Birch-Mayne

Reader in Natural Language Processing

a.birch@ed.ac.uk

ILCC

IF-4.24

504453

Amos Storkey

Personal Chair of Machine Learning & Artificial Intelligence

A.Storkey@ed.ac.uk

IANC

IF-2.28

511208

Antonio Vergari

Reader

avergari@ed.ac.uk

IANC

IF-3.18A

Arno Onken

Lecturer in Data Science for Life Sciences

aonken@inf.ed.ac.uk

IANC

IF-2.27A

513254

Ava Khamseh

Lecturer in Biomedical Artificial Intelligence

ava.khamseh@ed.ac.uk

IANC

IF-1.44

Christopher Lucas

Reader in Computational Cognitive Science

C.Lucas@ed.ac.uk

ILCC

IF-3.31

513260

Christopher Williams

Emeritus Professor

C.K.I.Williams@ed.ac.uk

IANC

IF-2.22

Craig Innes

Chancellor's Fellow

Craig.Innes@ed.ac.uk

IPAB

IF-1.23

D K Arvind

Chair of Distributed Wireless Computation

D.Arvind@ed.ac.uk

INF

IF-2.18

505176

David Aspinall

Personal Chair in Software Safety and Security

David.Aspinall@ed.ac.uk

LFCS

IF-5.12A

505177

Diego Oyarzun

Reader

D.Oyarzun@ed.ac.uk

IANC

IF-2.47A

Edoardo Ponti

Lecturer in Natural Language Processing

eponti@ed.ac.uk

ILCC

IF-3.10

Fengxiang He

Lecturer in AI Driven Business Informatics and Financial Com

F.He@ed.ac.uk

AIAI

IF-2.17

Hakan Bilen

Reader

H.Bilen@ed.ac.uk

IPAB

IF-1.41A

Hao Tang

Lecturer in Speech Technology

hao.tang@ed.ac.uk

ILCC

IF-3.03A

He Sun

Reader

H.Sun@ed.ac.uk

LFCS

IF-5.03

515622

Heather Yorston

Lecturer

Heather.Yorston@ed.ac.uk

UTAT

AT-8.12A

Henry Gouk

Lecturer in Machine Learning

henry.gouk@ed.ac.uk

IANC

IF-3.27

Hiroshi Shimodaira

Senior Lecturer

h.shimodaira@ed.ac.uk

ILCC

IF-3.04

Iain Murray

Personal Chair of Machine Learning and Inference

I.Murray@ed.ac.uk

IANC

IF-1.46

519078

Ian Simpson

Personal Chair of Biomedical Informatics

Ian.Simpson@ed.ac.uk

IANC

IF-2.48

Jane Hillston

Personal Chair in Quantitative Modelling

Jane.Hillston@ed.ac.uk

LFCS

IF-2.14

505199

Kartic Subr

Senior Lecturer in Computer Graphics

K.Subr@ed.ac.uk

IPAB

IF-1.10A

Kobi Gal

Reader in Artificial Intelligence and Human-Machine

kgal@exseed.ed.ac.uk

AIAI

IF-1.02

515657

Laura Sevilla-Lara

Reader

l.sevilla@ed.ac.uk

IPAB

IF-1.44A

Mahesh Marina

Personal Chair of Networked Systems

mahesh@ed.ac.uk

ICSA

IF-1.20

505125

Michael Gutmann

Senior Lecturer in Machine Learning

Michael.Gutmann@ed.ac.uk

IANC

IF-2.50A

Michael Herrmann

Lectureship in Robotics

Michael.Herrmann@ed.ac.uk

IPAB

IF-1.42

517177

Michael O'Boyle

Personal Chair in Computer Science

mob@inf.ed.ac.uk

ICSA

IF-1.06

505117

Michael Yates

Senior Clinical Research Fellow

Michael.yates@ed.ac.uk

IANC

IF-2.44

Mina Doosti

Chancellor's Fellow in Quantum Computation

mdoosti@ed.ac.uk

LFCS

BC-3.10

Mirella Lapata

Personal Chair in Natural Language Processing

Maria.Lapata@ed.ac.uk

ILCC

IF-4.17

Mohan Sridharan

Chair in Robot Systems

m.sridharan@ed.ac.uk

IPAB

IF-1.22

Mohsen Khadem

Reader

mohsen.khadem@ed.ac.uk

IPAB

BC-1.15

502956

Nikolay Malkin

Chancellor's Fellow (AI and Datascience)

nmalkin@ed.ac.uk

IANC

IF-1.31

Oisin Mac Aodha

Lecturer in Machine Learning

oisin.macaodha@ed.ac.uk

IANC

IF-2.24A

Paul Patras

Personal Chair of Mobile Intelligence

Paul.Patras@ed.ac.uk

ICSA

IF-1.22A

Pavlos Andreadis

Lecturer

Pavlos.Andreadis@ed.ac.uk

UTAT

AT-8.05

Ram Ramamoorthy

Personal Chair of Robot Learning and Autonomy

s.ramamoorthy@ed.ac.uk

IPAB

IF-1.41

505119

Rik Sarkar

Reader

Rik.Sarkar@ed.ac.uk

LFCS

IF-3.45

Sethu Vijayakumar

Personal Chair in Robotics

sethu.vijayakumar@ed.ac.uk

IANC

IF-1.28

513444

Shay Cohen

Reader

scohen@inf.ed.ac.uk

ILCC

IF-4.26

506542

Siddharth N

Reader in Explainable Artificial Intelligence

N.Siddharth@ed.ac.uk

AIAI

IF-2.11

Stefano Albrecht

Reader

s.albrecht@ed.ac.uk

IPAB

IF-2.06

Tariq Elahi

Lecturer in Security and the Internet of Things

t.elahi@ed.ac.uk

LFCS

IF-4.04A

513257

Tiejun Ma

Personal Chair of Financial Computing (Risk Modelling)

tiejun.ma@ed.ac.uk

AIAI

IF-2.02

Timothy Hospedales

Personal Chair of Artificial Intelligence

t.hospedales@ed.ac.uk

IPAB

BC-1.11

Tj Elmas

Lecturer in Computational Social Science

TJ.Elmas@ed.ac.uk

ILCC

IF-4.21

Vaishak Belle

Reader in Logic and Learning

vbelle@ed.ac.uk

AIAI

IF-2.02A

505150

Wenda Li

Lecturer in Hybrid AI

wenda.li@ed.ac.uk

AIAI

IF-2.12A



Natural Language and Speech Processing

Name

Position

Email

Institute

Room

Phone

Adam Lopez

Reader

alopez@inf.ed.ac.uk

ILCC

IF-4.19

Alex Lascarides

Personal Chair in Semantics

A.Lascarides@ed.ac.uk

ILCC

IF-3.15A

504428

Alexandra Birch-Mayne

Reader in Natural Language Processing

a.birch@ed.ac.uk

ILCC

IF-4.24

504453

Bjorn Ross

Lecturer in Computational Social Science

b.ross@ed.ac.uk

ILCC

IF-2.26

503128

Catherine Lai

Lecturer in Speech and Language Processing

C.Lai@ed.ac.uk

ILCC

Edoardo Ponti

Lecturer in Natural Language Processing

eponti@ed.ac.uk

ILCC

IF-3.10

Emily Allaway

Chancellor's Fellow (AI and Datascience)

eallaway@ed.ac.uk

ILCC

IF-5.23

Frank Keller

Personal Chair in Computational Cognitive Science

Frank.Keller@ed.ac.uk

ILCC

IF-3.27A

504407

Hao Tang

Lecturer in Speech Technology

hao.tang@ed.ac.uk

ILCC

IF-3.03A

Helen Hastie

Head of School

h.hastie@ed.ac.uk

INF

IF-5.43

502690

Henry Thompson

Personal Chair in Web Informatics

H.Thompson@ed.ac.uk

ILCC

IF-4.22

504440

Hiroshi Shimodaira

Senior Lecturer

h.shimodaira@ed.ac.uk

ILCC

IF-3.04

Ian Simpson

Personal Chair of Biomedical Informatics

Ian.Simpson@ed.ac.uk

IANC

IF-2.48

Jeff Dalton

Chancellor's Fellow

jdalton2@exseed.ed.ac.uk

ILCC

IF-3.12

Julian Bradfield

Director of Research Institute and Reader

jcb@inf.ed.ac.uk

LFCS

IF-4.07

505998

Kartic Subr

Senior Lecturer in Computer Graphics

K.Subr@ed.ac.uk

IPAB

IF-1.10A

Kobi Gal

Reader in Artificial Intelligence and Human-Machine

kgal@exseed.ed.ac.uk

AIAI

IF-1.02

515657

Mark Steedman

Professor

m.steedman@ed.ac.uk

ILCC

IF-5.15

Michael Yates

Senior Clinical Research Fellow

Michael.yates@ed.ac.uk

IANC

IF-2.44

Mirella Lapata

Personal Chair in Natural Language Processing

Maria.Lapata@ed.ac.uk

ILCC

IF-4.17

Nadin Kokciyan

Lecturer in Artificial Intelligence

nadin.kokciyan@ed.ac.uk

AIAI

IF-2.10

Nikolay Malkin

Chancellor's Fellow (AI and Datascience)

nmalkin@ed.ac.uk

IANC

IF-1.31

Pavlos Andreadis

Lecturer

Pavlos.Andreadis@ed.ac.uk

UTAT

AT-8.05

Peter Bell

Personal Chair of Speech Technology

peter.bell@ed.ac.uk

ILCC

IF-3.24A

513284

Sharon Goldwater

Personal Chair of Computational Language Learning

sgwater@inf.ed.ac.uk

ILCC

IF-3.17

515609

Shay Cohen

Reader

scohen@inf.ed.ac.uk

ILCC

IF-4.26

506542

Siddharth N

Reader in Explainable Artificial Intelligence

N.Siddharth@ed.ac.uk

AIAI

IF-2.11

Tiejun Ma

Personal Chair of Financial Computing (Risk Modelling)

tiejun.ma@ed.ac.uk

AIAI

IF-2.02

Timothy Hospedales

Personal Chair of Artificial Intelligence

t.hospedales@ed.ac.uk

IPAB

BC-1.11

Tj Elmas

Lecturer in Computational Social Science

TJ.Elmas@ed.ac.uk

ILCC

IF-4.21

Wenda Li

Lecturer in Hybrid AI

wenda.li@ed.ac.uk

AIAI

IF-2.12A

Youssef Al Hariri

Research Associate

yalhariri@ed.ac.uk

ILCC

IF-3.46

Zee Talat

Chancellor's Fellow in Responsible Machine Learning and Arti

ztalat@ed.ac.uk

ILCC



Computational Biology and Health Informatics

Name

Position

Email

Institute

Room

Phone

Ajitha Rajan

Personal Chair of Software Testing and Verification

arajan@exseed.ed.ac.uk

LFCS

IF-4.14

Andrea Weisse

Chancellor's Fellow

aweisse@inf.ed.ac.uk

IANC

IF-1.29

515628

Ava Khamseh

Lecturer in Biomedical Artificial Intelligence

ava.khamseh@ed.ac.uk

IANC

IF-1.44

D K Arvind

Chair of Distributed Wireless Computation

D.Arvind@ed.ac.uk

INF

IF-2.18

505176

David Sterratt

Lecturer

David.C.Sterratt@ed.ac.uk

UTAT

AT-8.12A

511739

Diego Oyarzun

Reader

D.Oyarzun@ed.ac.uk

IANC

IF-2.47A

Douglas Armstrong

Personal Chair in Systems Neurobiology

jda@ed.ac.uk

IANC

IF-2.30

Heather Yorston

Lecturer

Heather.Yorston@ed.ac.uk

UTAT

AT-8.12A

Ian Simpson

Personal Chair of Biomedical Informatics

Ian.Simpson@ed.ac.uk

IANC

IF-2.48

Jacques Fleuriot

Personal Chair of Artificial Intelligence

Jacques.Fleuriot@ed.ac.uk

AIAI

IF-2.15

509342

Jeff Dalton

Chancellor's Fellow

jdalton2@exseed.ed.ac.uk

ILCC

IF-3.12

Kartic Subr

Senior Lecturer in Computer Graphics

K.Subr@ed.ac.uk

IPAB

IF-1.10A

Matthias Hennig

Personal Chair of Computational Neuroscience

m.hennig@ed.ac.uk

IANC

IF-2.31

Michael Gutmann

Senior Lecturer in Machine Learning

Michael.Gutmann@ed.ac.uk

IANC

IF-2.50A

Michael Herrmann

Lectureship in Robotics

Michael.Herrmann@ed.ac.uk

IPAB

IF-1.42

517177

Michael Yates

Senior Clinical Research Fellow

Michael.yates@ed.ac.uk

IANC

IF-2.44

Peggy Series

Personal Chair of Computational Psychiatry

pseries@ed.ac.uk

IANC

IF-2.50

Rik Sarkar

Reader

Rik.Sarkar@ed.ac.uk

LFCS

IF-3.45



Computational Neuroscience

Name

Position

Email

Institute

Room

Phone

Benjamin Peters

Lecturer in Computational Cognitive Science

benjamin.peters@ed.ac.uk

ILCC

IF-4.30

David Sterratt

Lecturer

David.C.Sterratt@ed.ac.uk

UTAT

AT-8.12A

511739

Michael Mistry

Personal Chair of Robotics

Michael.Mistry@ed.ac.uk

IPAB

BC-1.20

502937

Peggy Series

Personal Chair of Computational Psychiatry

pseries@ed.ac.uk

IANC

IF-2.50



Computer Graphics 

Name

Position

Email

Institute

Room

Phone

Amir Vaxman

Reader in Graphics, Simulation and Visual Computing

avaxman@ed.ac.uk

IPAB

IF-1.24

508286

Changjian Li

Lecturer in Graphics, Simulation and Visual Computing

Changjian.li@ed.ac.uk

IPAB

IF-1.10

Hiroshi Shimodaira

Senior Lecturer

h.shimodaira@ed.ac.uk

ILCC

IF-3.04

Kartic Subr

Senior Lecturer in Computer Graphics

K.Subr@ed.ac.uk

IPAB

IF-1.10A

Steve Tonneau

Lecturer in Robotics

stonneau@exseed.ed.ac.uk

IPAB

BC-1.16



Computer Vision

Name

Position

Email

Institute

Room

Phone

Amos Storkey

Personal Chair of Machine Learning & Artificial Intelligence

A.Storkey@ed.ac.uk

IANC

IF-2.28

511208

Bob Fisher

Chair in Computer Vision

R.B.Fisher@ed.ac.uk

IPAB

BC-1.11

513441

Changjian Li

Lecturer in Graphics, Simulation and Visual Computing

Changjian.li@ed.ac.uk

IPAB

IF-1.10

Christopher Williams

Emeritus Professor

C.K.I.Williams@ed.ac.uk

IANC

IF-2.22

Douglas Armstrong

Personal Chair in Systems Neurobiology

jda@ed.ac.uk

IANC

IF-2.30

Fengxiang He

Lecturer in AI Driven Business Informatics and Financial Com

F.He@ed.ac.uk

AIAI

IF-2.17

Frank Keller

Personal Chair in Computational Cognitive Science

Frank.Keller@ed.ac.uk

ILCC

IF-3.27A

504407

Hakan Bilen

Reader

H.Bilen@ed.ac.uk

IPAB

IF-1.41A

James Garforth

University Teacher

James.Garforth@ed.ac.uk

UTAT

AT-8.12A

Laura Sevilla-Lara

Reader

l.sevilla@ed.ac.uk

IPAB

IF-1.44A

Mohsen Khadem

Reader

mohsen.khadem@ed.ac.uk

IPAB

BC-1.15

502956

Oisin Mac Aodha

Lecturer in Machine Learning

oisin.macaodha@ed.ac.uk

IANC

IF-2.24A

Pavlos Andreadis

Lecturer

Pavlos.Andreadis@ed.ac.uk

UTAT

AT-8.05

Sethu Vijayakumar

Personal Chair in Robotics

sethu.vijayakumar@ed.ac.uk

IANC

IF-1.28

513444

Siddharth N

Reader in Explainable Artificial Intelligence

N.Siddharth@ed.ac.uk

AIAI

IF-2.11

Timothy Hospedales

Personal Chair of Artificial Intelligence

t.hospedales@ed.ac.uk

IPAB

BC-1.11



Computer Networks and Communications

Name

Position

Email

Institute

Room

Phone

David Aspinall

Personal Chair in Software Safety and Security

David.Aspinall@ed.ac.uk

LFCS

IF-5.12A

505177

Henry Thompson

Personal Chair in Web Informatics

H.Thompson@ed.ac.uk

ILCC

IF-4.22

504440

Mahesh Marina

Personal Chair of Networked Systems

mahesh@ed.ac.uk

ICSA

IF-1.20

505125

Michio Honda

Reader

michio.honda@ed.ac.uk

ICSA

IF-1.02A

502710

Paul Patras

Personal Chair of Mobile Intelligence

Paul.Patras@ed.ac.uk

ICSA

IF-1.22A

Rik Sarkar

Reader

Rik.Sarkar@ed.ac.uk

LFCS

IF-3.45

Tariq Elahi

Lecturer in Security and the Internet of Things

t.elahi@ed.ac.uk

LFCS

IF-4.04A

513257



Computer Systems - Architecture, OS and Compilers

Name

Position

Email

Institute

Room

Phone

Amir Shaikhha

Reader

amir.shaikhha@ed.ac.uk

ICSA

IF-2.04A

504379

Antonio Barbalace

Senior Lecturer in Operating Systems

antonio.barbalace@ed.ac.uk

ICSA

IF-1.12

511417

Bjoern Franke

Personal Chair of Software Transformation

B.Franke@ed.ac.uk

ICSA

IF-1.04

Boris Grot

Personal Chair of Computer Systems and Architecture

Boris.Grot@ed.ac.uk

ICSA

IF-1.02

505123

Ian Stark

Senior Lecturer

Ian.Stark@ed.ac.uk

LFCS

IF-4.15

515663

Jackson Woodruff

Lecturer in Compiling Techniques

Jackson.Woodruff@ed.ac.uk

ICSA

IF-1.27A

Jane Hillston

Personal Chair in Quantitative Modelling

Jane.Hillston@ed.ac.uk

LFCS

IF-2.14

505199

Jingjie Li

Lecturer in Systems Security

jingjie.li@ed.ac.uk

ICSA

IF-2.04B

Michael O'Boyle

Personal Chair in Computer Science

mob@inf.ed.ac.uk

ICSA

IF-1.06

505117

Murray Cole

Personal Chair of Patterned Parallel Computing

M.Cole@ed.ac.uk

ICSA

IF-1.18

505154

Nigel Topham

Chair of Computer Systems

nigel.topham@ed.ac.uk

ICSA

IF-1.11

Yuvraj Patel

Lecturer in Computer Systems

Yuvraj.Patel@ed.ac.uk

ICSA

IF-1.18A



Robotics and Autonomous Systems

Name

Position

Email

Institute

Room

Phone

Alex Lascarides

Personal Chair in Semantics

A.Lascarides@ed.ac.uk

ILCC

IF-3.15A

504428

Amos Storkey

Personal Chair of Machine Learning & Artificial Intelligence

A.Storkey@ed.ac.uk

IANC

IF-2.28

511208

Barbara Webb

Personal Chair in Biorobotics

B.Webb@ed.ac.uk

IPAB

IF-1.27

Bob Fisher

Chair in Computer Vision

R.B.Fisher@ed.ac.uk

IPAB

BC-1.11

513441

Craig Innes

Chancellor's Fellow

Craig.Innes@ed.ac.uk

IPAB

IF-1.23

Helen Hastie

Head of School

h.hastie@ed.ac.uk

INF

IF-5.43

502690

Kartic Subr

Senior Lecturer in Computer Graphics

K.Subr@ed.ac.uk

IPAB

IF-1.10A

Michael Herrmann

Lectureship in Robotics

Michael.Herrmann@ed.ac.uk

IPAB

IF-1.42

517177

Michael Mistry

Personal Chair of Robotics

Michael.Mistry@ed.ac.uk

IPAB

BC-1.20

502937

Mohan Sridharan

Chair in Robot Systems

m.sridharan@ed.ac.uk

IPAB

IF-1.22

Mohsen Khadem

Reader

mohsen.khadem@ed.ac.uk

IPAB

BC-1.15

502956

Ram Ramamoorthy

Personal Chair of Robot Learning and Autonomy

s.ramamoorthy@ed.ac.uk

IPAB

IF-1.41

505119

Rik Sarkar

Reader

Rik.Sarkar@ed.ac.uk

LFCS

IF-3.45

Sethu Vijayakumar

Personal Chair in Robotics

sethu.vijayakumar@ed.ac.uk

IANC

IF-1.28

513444

Siddharth N

Reader in Explainable Artificial Intelligence

N.Siddharth@ed.ac.uk

AIAI

IF-2.11

Stefano Albrecht

Reader

s.albrecht@ed.ac.uk

IPAB

IF-2.06

Steve Tonneau

Lecturer in Robotics

stonneau@exseed.ed.ac.uk

IPAB

BC-1.16

Tim Colles

Head of Computing

Tim.Colles@ed.ac.uk

RATU

AT-7.09B

503093

Vaishak Belle

Reader in Logic and Learning

vbelle@ed.ac.uk

AIAI

IF-2.02A

505150



Data Science and Information Visualization

Name

Position

Email

Institute

Room

Phone

Amos Storkey

Personal Chair of Machine Learning & Artificial Intelligence

A.Storkey@ed.ac.uk

IANC

IF-2.28

511208

Arno Onken

Lecturer in Data Science for Life Sciences

aonken@inf.ed.ac.uk

IANC

IF-2.27A

513254

Bjorn Ross

Lecturer in Computational Social Science

b.ross@ed.ac.uk

ILCC

IF-2.26

503128

Douglas Armstrong

Personal Chair in Systems Neurobiology

jda@ed.ac.uk

IANC

IF-2.30

Kartic Subr

Senior Lecturer in Computer Graphics

K.Subr@ed.ac.uk

IPAB

IF-1.10A

Kobi Gal

Reader in Artificial Intelligence and Human-Machine

kgal@exseed.ed.ac.uk

AIAI

IF-1.02

515657

Michael Herrmann

Lectureship in Robotics

Michael.Herrmann@ed.ac.uk

IPAB

IF-1.42

517177

Paolo Guagliardo

Reader in Databases

Paolo.Guagliardo@ed.ac.uk

LFCS

IF-5.11

Rik Sarkar

Reader

Rik.Sarkar@ed.ac.uk

LFCS

IF-3.45

Tj Elmas

Lecturer in Computational Social Science

TJ.Elmas@ed.ac.uk

ILCC

IF-4.21

Valerio Restocchi

Lecturer in Business Application of Informatics

V.Restocchi@ed.ac.uk

AIAI

IF-2.18A

Wenfei Fan

Personal Chair in Web Data Management

Dr.Wenfei.Fan@ed.ac.uk

LFCS

Youssef Al Hariri

Research Associate

yalhariri@ed.ac.uk

ILCC

IF-3.46



Databases and Data Mining

Name

Position

Email

Institute

Room

Phone

Amir Shaikhha

Reader

amir.shaikhha@ed.ac.uk

ICSA

IF-2.04A

504379

Andreas Pieris

Reader

apieris@exseed.ed.ac.uk

LFCS

IF-5.20A

515606

Douglas Armstrong

Personal Chair in Systems Neurobiology

jda@ed.ac.uk

IANC

IF-2.30

Ian Simpson

Personal Chair of Biomedical Informatics

Ian.Simpson@ed.ac.uk

IANC

IF-2.48

James Cheney

Personal Chair of Programming Languages and Systems

James.Cheney@ed.ac.uk

LFCS

IF-5.29

515658

Leonid Libkin

Chair of Foundations of Data Management

libkin@ed.ac.uk

LFCS

IF-5.31

Michael Yates

Senior Clinical Research Fellow

Michael.yates@ed.ac.uk

IANC

IF-2.44

Milos Nikolic

Lecturer in Database Systems

milos.nikolic@ed.ac.uk

LFCS

IF-4.03

Paolo Guagliardo

Reader in Databases

Paolo.Guagliardo@ed.ac.uk

LFCS

IF-5.11

Paul Patras

Personal Chair of Mobile Intelligence

Paul.Patras@ed.ac.uk

ICSA

IF-1.22A

Rik Sarkar

Reader

Rik.Sarkar@ed.ac.uk

LFCS

IF-3.45

Tim Colles

Head of Computing

Tim.Colles@ed.ac.uk

RATU

AT-7.09B

503093

Wenfei Fan

Personal Chair in Web Data Management

Dr.Wenfei.Fan@ed.ac.uk

LFCS

Yang Cao

Lecturer in Database Systems

Yang.Cao@ed.ac.uk

LFCS

IF-4.32A



Computational Cognitive and Social Science

Name

Position

Email

Institute

Room

Phone

Alan Bundy

Professor

A.Bundy@ed.ac.uk

AIAI

IF-2.16

Arno Onken

Lecturer in Data Science for Life Sciences

aonken@inf.ed.ac.uk

IANC

IF-2.27A

513254

Benjamin Peters

Lecturer in Computational Cognitive Science

benjamin.peters@ed.ac.uk

ILCC

IF-4.30

Bjorn Ross

Lecturer in Computational Social Science

b.ross@ed.ac.uk

ILCC

IF-2.26

503128

Bonan Zhao

Lecturer in Computational Cognitive Science

bzhao2@exseed.ed.ac.uk

ILCC

Christopher Lucas

Reader in Computational Cognitive Science

C.Lucas@ed.ac.uk

ILCC

IF-3.31

513260

Frank Keller

Personal Chair in Computational Cognitive Science

Frank.Keller@ed.ac.uk

ILCC

IF-3.27A

504407

Mark Steedman

Professor

m.steedman@ed.ac.uk

ILCC

IF-5.15

Matthias Hennig

Personal Chair of Computational Neuroscience

m.hennig@ed.ac.uk

IANC

IF-2.31

Michael Herrmann

Lectureship in Robotics

Michael.Herrmann@ed.ac.uk

IPAB

IF-1.42

517177

Mohan Sridharan

Chair in Robot Systems

m.sridharan@ed.ac.uk

IPAB

IF-1.22

Peggy Series

Personal Chair of Computational Psychiatry

pseries@ed.ac.uk

IANC

IF-2.50

Ram Ramamoorthy

Personal Chair of Robot Learning and Autonomy

s.ramamoorthy@ed.ac.uk

IPAB

IF-1.41

505119

Sharon Goldwater

Personal Chair of Computational Language Learning

sgwater@inf.ed.ac.uk

ILCC

IF-3.17

515609

Siddharth N

Reader in Explainable Artificial Intelligence

N.Siddharth@ed.ac.uk

AIAI

IF-2.11

Tj Elmas

Lecturer in Computational Social Science

TJ.Elmas@ed.ac.uk

ILCC

IF-4.21

Valerio Restocchi

Lecturer in Business Application of Informatics

V.Restocchi@ed.ac.uk

AIAI

IF-2.18A

Youssef Al Hariri

Research Associate

yalhariri@ed.ac.uk

ILCC

IF-3.46



Computing Education, Ethics and Social Responsibility

Name

Position

Email

Institute

Room

Phone

Adam Lopez

Reader

alopez@inf.ed.ac.uk

ILCC

IF-4.19

Alex Taylor

Reader in Design Informatics

ataylo3@ed.ac.uk

ILCC

IF-4.11

Alexandra Birch-Mayne

Reader in Natural Language Processing

a.birch@ed.ac.uk

ILCC

IF-4.24

504453

Cristina Alexandru

Lecturer

Cristina.Alexandru@ed.ac.uk

UTAT

AT-8.04

505182

David Sterratt

Lecturer

David.C.Sterratt@ed.ac.uk

UTAT

AT-8.12A

511739

Fengxiang He

Lecturer in AI Driven Business Informatics and Financial Com

F.He@ed.ac.uk

AIAI

IF-2.17

Fiona Mcneill

Reader in Computer Science Education

f.j.mcneill@ed.ac.uk

ILCC

IF-3.30

Heather Yorston

Lecturer

Heather.Yorston@ed.ac.uk

UTAT

AT-8.12A

Henry Thompson

Personal Chair in Web Informatics

H.Thompson@ed.ac.uk

ILCC

IF-4.22

504440

James Garforth

University Teacher

James.Garforth@ed.ac.uk

UTAT

AT-8.12A

John Lee

Personal Chair of Digital Media

J.Lee@ed.ac.uk

ILCC

IF-4.28

Judy Robertson

Chair in Digital Learning-2

Judy.Robertson@ed.ac.uk

ILCC

Kobi Gal

Reader in Artificial Intelligence and Human-Machine

kgal@exseed.ed.ac.uk

AIAI

IF-1.02

515657

Michael Rovatsos

Personal Chair of Artificial Intelligence

Michael.Rovatsos@ed.ac.uk

AIAI

IF-2.14

Nadin Kokciyan

Lecturer in Artificial Intelligence

nadin.kokciyan@ed.ac.uk

AIAI

IF-2.10

Ram Ramamoorthy

Personal Chair of Robot Learning and Autonomy

s.ramamoorthy@ed.ac.uk

IPAB

IF-1.41

505119

Rik Sarkar

Reader

Rik.Sarkar@ed.ac.uk

LFCS

IF-3.45

Susan Lechelt

Lecturer in Design Informatics

susan.lechelt@ed.ac.uk

ILCC

IF-4.34

Timothy Hospedales

Personal Chair of Artificial Intelligence

t.hospedales@ed.ac.uk

IPAB

BC-1.11

Tj Elmas

Lecturer in Computational Social Science

TJ.Elmas@ed.ac.uk

ILCC

IF-4.21

Vaishak Belle

Reader in Logic and Learning

vbelle@ed.ac.uk

AIAI

IF-2.02A

505150

Zee Talat

Chancellor's Fellow in Responsible Machine Learning and Arti

ztalat@ed.ac.uk

ILCC



Human-Computer Interaction

Name

Position

Email

Institute

Room

Phone

Alex Lascarides

Personal Chair in Semantics

A.Lascarides@ed.ac.uk

ILCC

IF-3.15A

504428

Alex Taylor

Reader in Design Informatics

ataylo3@ed.ac.uk

ILCC

IF-4.11

Changjian Li

Lecturer in Graphics, Simulation and Visual Computing

Changjian.li@ed.ac.uk

IPAB

IF-1.10

Christopher Lucas

Reader in Computational Cognitive Science

C.Lucas@ed.ac.uk

ILCC

IF-3.31

513260

Cristina Alexandru

Lecturer

Cristina.Alexandru@ed.ac.uk

UTAT

AT-8.04

505182

Daniel Woods

Lecturer in Cyber Security

daniel.woods@ed.ac.uk

LFCS

IF-5.23A

Hiroshi Shimodaira

Senior Lecturer

h.shimodaira@ed.ac.uk

ILCC

IF-3.04

Ian Simpson

Personal Chair of Biomedical Informatics

Ian.Simpson@ed.ac.uk

IANC

IF-2.48

Jingjie Li

Lecturer in Systems Security

jingjie.li@ed.ac.uk

ICSA

IF-2.04B

John Lee

Personal Chair of Digital Media

J.Lee@ed.ac.uk

ILCC

IF-4.28

Judy Robertson

Chair in Digital Learning-2

Judy.Robertson@ed.ac.uk

ILCC

Kartic Subr

Senior Lecturer in Computer Graphics

K.Subr@ed.ac.uk

IPAB

IF-1.10A

Kobi Gal

Reader in Artificial Intelligence and Human-Machine

kgal@exseed.ed.ac.uk

AIAI

IF-1.02

515657

Michael Rovatsos

Personal Chair of Artificial Intelligence

Michael.Rovatsos@ed.ac.uk

AIAI

IF-2.14

Mohan Sridharan

Chair in Robot Systems

m.sridharan@ed.ac.uk

IPAB

IF-1.22

Sethu Vijayakumar

Personal Chair in Robotics

sethu.vijayakumar@ed.ac.uk

IANC

IF-1.28

513444

Siddharth N

Reader in Explainable Artificial Intelligence

N.Siddharth@ed.ac.uk

AIAI

IF-2.11

Susan Lechelt

Lecturer in Design Informatics

susan.lechelt@ed.ac.uk

ILCC

IF-4.34

Tara Capel

Lecturer in Design Informatics

tcapel@exseed.ed.ac.uk

ILCC

IF-4.25

Tj Elmas

Lecturer in Computational Social Science

TJ.Elmas@ed.ac.uk

ILCC

IF-4.21



Programming Languages and Software Engineering

Name

Position

Email

Institute

Room

Phone

Adriana Sejfia

Lecturer in Software Engineering

asejfia@ed.ac.uk

ICSA

IF-1.04A

Ajitha Rajan

Personal Chair of Software Testing and Verification

arajan@exseed.ed.ac.uk

LFCS

IF-4.14

Amir Shaikhha

Reader

amir.shaikhha@ed.ac.uk

ICSA

IF-2.04A

504379

Antonio Barbalace

Senior Lecturer in Operating Systems

antonio.barbalace@ed.ac.uk

ICSA

IF-1.12

511417

Chris Heunen

Chair of Quantum Programming

Chris.Heunen@ed.ac.uk

LFCS

BC-3.12

Craig Innes

Chancellor's Fellow

Craig.Innes@ed.ac.uk

IPAB

IF-1.23

David Aspinall

Personal Chair in Software Safety and Security

David.Aspinall@ed.ac.uk

LFCS

IF-5.12A

505177

Don Sannella

PERSONAL CHAIR IN COMPUTER SCIENCE

Don.Sannella@ed.ac.uk

LFCS

IF-5.12

Elizabeth Polgreen

Lecturer in Programming Languages for Trustworthy Systems

elizabeth.polgreen@ed.ac.uk

LFCS

IF-2.10A

Ian Stark

Senior Lecturer

Ian.Stark@ed.ac.uk

LFCS

IF-4.15

515663

Jackson Woodruff

Lecturer in Compiling Techniques

Jackson.Woodruff@ed.ac.uk

ICSA

IF-1.27A

James Cheney

Personal Chair of Programming Languages and Systems

James.Cheney@ed.ac.uk

LFCS

IF-5.29

515658

Michael O'Boyle

Personal Chair in Computer Science

mob@inf.ed.ac.uk

ICSA

IF-1.06

505117

Paolo Guagliardo

Reader in Databases

Paolo.Guagliardo@ed.ac.uk

LFCS

IF-5.11

Paul Jackson

Director of Institute and Senior Lecturer

Paul.Jackson@ed.ac.uk

AIAI

IF-2.12

Perdita Stevens

Personal Chair in Mathematics of Software Engineering

Perdita.Stevens@ed.ac.uk

ICSA

IF-5.05

Philip Wadler

Chair of Theoretical Computer Science

Philip.Wadler@ed.ac.uk

LFCS

IF-5.30A

505174

Sam Lindley

Reader in Programming Language Design and Implementation

Sam.Lindley@ed.ac.uk

LFCS

IF-5.26A

Wenda Li

Lecturer in Hybrid AI

wenda.li@ed.ac.uk

AIAI

IF-2.12A



Security and Privacy

Name

Position

Email

Institute

Room

Phone

Daniel Woods

Lecturer in Cyber Security

daniel.woods@ed.ac.uk

LFCS

IF-5.23A

David Aspinall

Personal Chair in Software Safety and Security

David.Aspinall@ed.ac.uk

LFCS

IF-5.12A

505177

Don Sannella

PERSONAL CHAIR IN COMPUTER SCIENCE

Don.Sannella@ed.ac.uk

LFCS

IF-5.12

Elham Kashefi

Personal Chair in Quantum Computing

ekashefi@inf.ed.ac.uk

LFCS

Ian Stark

Senior Lecturer

Ian.Stark@ed.ac.uk

LFCS

IF-4.15

515663

Jingjie Li

Lecturer in Systems Security

jingjie.li@ed.ac.uk

ICSA

IF-2.04B

Mahesh Marina

Personal Chair of Networked Systems

mahesh@ed.ac.uk

ICSA

IF-1.20

505125

Marc Juarez Miro

Lecturer in Cyber Security and Privacy

mjuarez@ed.ac.uk

LFCS

IF-4.05A

502707

Michele Ciampi

Chancellor's Fellow

michele.ciampi@ed.ac.uk

LFCS

IF-5.26

Mina Doosti

Chancellor's Fellow in Quantum Computation

mdoosti@ed.ac.uk

LFCS

BC-3.10

Nadin Kokciyan

Lecturer in Artificial Intelligence

nadin.kokciyan@ed.ac.uk

AIAI

IF-2.10

Paul Patras

Personal Chair of Mobile Intelligence

Paul.Patras@ed.ac.uk

ICSA

IF-1.22A

Petros Wallden

Reader

petros.wallden@ed.ac.uk

LFCS

IF-4.05

Rik Sarkar

Reader

Rik.Sarkar@ed.ac.uk

LFCS

IF-3.45

Tariq Elahi

Lecturer in Security and the Internet of Things

t.elahi@ed.ac.uk

LFCS

IF-4.04A

513257

Tiejun Ma

Personal Chair of Financial Computing (Risk Modelling)

tiejun.ma@ed.ac.uk

AIAI

IF-2.02

Wenda Li

Lecturer in Hybrid AI

wenda.li@ed.ac.uk

AIAI

IF-2.12A

Yuvraj Patel

Lecturer in Computer Systems

Yuvraj.Patel@ed.ac.uk

ICSA

IF-1.18A



Quantum Computing

Name

Position

Email

Institute

Room

Phone

Antonio Barbalace

Senior Lecturer in Operating Systems

antonio.barbalace@ed.ac.uk

ICSA

IF-1.12

511417

Chris Heunen

Chair of Quantum Programming

Chris.Heunen@ed.ac.uk

LFCS

BC-3.12

Elham Kashefi

Personal Chair in Quantum Computing

ekashefi@inf.ed.ac.uk

LFCS

Mahesh Marina

Personal Chair of Networked Systems

mahesh@ed.ac.uk

ICSA

IF-1.20

505125

Mina Doosti

Chancellor's Fellow in Quantum Computation

mdoosti@ed.ac.uk

LFCS

BC-3.10

Petros Wallden

Reader

petros.wallden@ed.ac.uk

LFCS

IF-4.05

Yuvraj Patel

Lecturer in Computer Systems

Yuvraj.Patel@ed.ac.uk

ICSA

IF-1.18A



Theoretical Computer Science

Name

Position

Email

Institute

Room

Phone

Andreas Pieris

Reader

apieris@exseed.ed.ac.uk

LFCS

IF-5.20A

515606

Chris Heunen

Chair of Quantum Programming

Chris.Heunen@ed.ac.uk

LFCS

BC-3.12

David Aspinall

Personal Chair in Software Safety and Security

David.Aspinall@ed.ac.uk

LFCS

IF-5.12A

505177

Don Sannella

PERSONAL CHAIR IN COMPUTER SCIENCE

Don.Sannella@ed.ac.uk

LFCS

IF-5.12

Elham Kashefi

Personal Chair in Quantum Computing

ekashefi@inf.ed.ac.uk

LFCS

He Sun

Reader

H.Sun@ed.ac.uk

LFCS

IF-5.03

515622

Heng Guo

Reader in Algorithms and Complexity

Heng.Guo@ed.ac.uk

LFCS

IF-5.05A

Ian Stark

Senior Lecturer

Ian.Stark@ed.ac.uk

LFCS

IF-4.15

515663

Jacques Fleuriot

Personal Chair of Artificial Intelligence

Jacques.Fleuriot@ed.ac.uk

AIAI

IF-2.15

509342

Jane Hillston

Personal Chair in Quantitative Modelling

Jane.Hillston@ed.ac.uk

LFCS

IF-2.14

505199

Julian Bradfield

Director of Research Institute and Reader

jcb@inf.ed.ac.uk

LFCS

IF-4.07

505998

Kousha Etessami

Personal Chair in Algorithms, Games, Logic and Complexity

kousha@inf.ed.ac.uk

LFCS

IF-5.20

505197

Leonid Libkin

Chair of Foundations of Data Management

libkin@ed.ac.uk

LFCS

IF-5.31

Mary Cryan

Senior Lecturer

mcryan@inf.ed.ac.uk

LFCS

IF-5.18

Michele Ciampi

Chancellor's Fellow

michele.ciampi@ed.ac.uk

LFCS

IF-5.26

Mina Doosti

Chancellor's Fellow in Quantum Computation

mdoosti@ed.ac.uk

LFCS

BC-3.10

Paolo Guagliardo

Reader in Databases

Paolo.Guagliardo@ed.ac.uk

LFCS

IF-5.11

Petros Wallden

Reader

petros.wallden@ed.ac.uk

LFCS

IF-4.05

Philip Wadler

Chair of Theoretical Computer Science

Philip.Wadler@ed.ac.uk

LFCS

IF-5.30A

505174

Richard Mayr

Reader

mayr36.teaching-admin@ed.ac.uk

LFCS

IF-4.11A

505130

Rik Sarkar

Reader

Rik.Sarkar@ed.ac.uk

LFCS

IF-3.45

Rob van Glabbeek

Personal Chair in Computer Science

rvangla@ed.ac.uk

LFCS

IF-3.49

515627

Sam Lindley

Reader in Programming Language Design and Implementation

Sam.Lindley@ed.ac.uk

LFCS

IF-5.26A

Stephen Gilmore

Personal Chair in Software Systems Modelling

Stephen.Gilmore@ed.ac.uk

LFCS

IF-5.21

Wenda Li

Lecturer in Hybrid AI

wenda.li@ed.ac.uk

AIAI

IF-2.12A